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Physics Calculators

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A complete Physics library for school, CBSE/ICSE, JEE Main, JEE Advanced, NEET, undergraduate and engineering study. Every listed calculator is enabled through the Physics registry and uses the Python scientific engine.

Showing 314 enabled Physics calculators across 14 topics.

Start with core Physics: Newtons Second Law Ohm’s Law Coulombs Law Lens Equation Snells Law Heat Transfer Simple Harmonic Motion

AC Circuit

AC Circuit calculates RMS current, impedance and phase angle for a sinusoidal steady-state series R-X circuit.

magnetism
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AC Current

AC Current applies I_rms=V_rms/Z; Z=√(R²+X²) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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AC Voltage

AC Voltage applies V_rms=I_rms R to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Acceleration

Acceleration applies a = (v − u) / t to basic motion quantities.

motion
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Acceleration From Force Mass

Acceleration From Force Mass applies a = F/m to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Acceleration From Velocity

Acceleration From Velocity applies a = (v − u) / t to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Acceleration Time Graph

Acceleration Time Graph applies a(t)=a for constant acceleration (or supplied a(t)) to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Adiabatic Process

Adiabatic Process applies P₁V₁^γ = P₂V₂^γ to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Amperes Law

Amperes Law applies B(2πr)=μ₀I to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Angular Acceleration

Angular Acceleration applies α = Δω/Δt to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Angular Displacement

Angular Displacement applies θ = ωt to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Angular Momentum

Angular Momentum applies L = Iω to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Angular Velocity

Angular Velocity applies ω = θ/t to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Angular Velocity From Torque

Angular Velocity From Torque applies ω = (τ/I)t to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Atomic Spectrum

Atomic Spectrum applies 1/λ=R|1/nf²−1/ni²| to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Average Power

Average Power applies P = W/t to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Beats Frequency

Beats Frequency applies fb=|f₁−f₂| to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

waves-oscillations
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Biot Savart Law

Biot Savart Law applies dB=μ₀I dl sinθ/(4πr²) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Black Hole Schwarzschild Radius

Black Hole Schwarzschild Radius applies rs = 2GM/c² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Blackbody Radiation

Blackbody Radiation applies P = σAT⁴ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Bohr Model Energy

Bohr Model Energy applies En=−13.6Z²/n² eV to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Boyles Law

Boyles Law applies P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Capacitance

Capacitance applies C=Q/V to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Capacitors In Parallel

Capacitors In Parallel applies C_eq = ΣC_i to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Capacitors In Series

Capacitors In Series applies 1/C_eq = Σ(1/C_i) to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Carnot Efficiency

Carnot Efficiency applies η = 1 − T_c/T_h to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Celsius To Fahrenheit

Celsius To Fahrenheit applies F = 9C/5 + 32 to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Celsius To Kelvin

Celsius To Kelvin applies K = C + 273.15 to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Centrifugal Force

Centrifugal Force calculates the magnitude mv²/r of the fictitious outward force used in a rotating reference frame.

laws-of-motion
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Centripetal Force

Centripetal Force applies F = mv²/r to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Change In Momentum

Change in Momentum calculates the vector change in linear momentum for a constant-mass object using Δp = m(v_f − v_i).

laws-of-motion
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Charles Law

Charles Law applies V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Circuit Analysis

Circuit Analysis applies I=V/R_eq; R_eq=ΣR (series) or (Σ1/R)⁻¹ (parallel) to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationshi…

electricity
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Circular Motion Angular Acceleration

Circular Motion Angular Acceleration applies α = Δω/t to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Circular Motion Angular Velocity

Circular Motion Angular Velocity applies ω = θ/t to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Circular Motion Frequency

Circular Motion Frequency applies f = 1/T to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Circular Motion Period

Circular Motion Period applies T = 2π/ω to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Circular Motion Tangential Velocity

Circular Motion Tangential Velocity applies v = rω to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Coefficient Of Friction

Coefficient Of Friction applies μ = f/N to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Coefficient Of Restitution

Coefficient Of Restitution applies e = separation speed / approach speed to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Combined Gas Law

Combined Gas Law applies P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂ to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Compound Lens

Compound Lens applies 1/F=1/f₁+1/f₂−d/(f₁f₂) to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Compton Effect

Compton Effect applies Δλ=(h/mec)(1−cosθ) to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Concave Mirror

Concave Mirror applies 1/f=1/u+1/v to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Conductance

Conductance applies G=1/R to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Conservation Of Angular Momentum

Conservation Of Angular Momentum applies L = Iω to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Conservation Of Energy

Conservation Of Energy applies E = KE + PE to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Conservation Of Momentum

Conservation Of Momentum applies Σp_initial = Σp_final to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Conservative Force

Conservative Force applies F = −dU/dx; for a Hooke-law spring, F = −kx to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Converging Lens

Converging Lens applies 1/f=1/u+1/v to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Convex Mirror

Convex Mirror applies 1/f=1/u+1/v to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Coulombs Law

Coulombs Law applies F=k|q₁q₂|/r² to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Critical Angle

Critical Angle applies sinθc=n₂/n₁ to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Current

Current applies I=V/R to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Cylindrical Capacitor

Cylindrical Capacitor applies C=2πεL/ln(b/a) to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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De Broglie Wavelength

De Broglie Wavelength applies λ=h/p to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Decay Constant

Decay Constant applies λ=ln2/t½ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Decibel

Decibel applies β=10log₁₀(I/I₀) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

waves-oscillations
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Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Grating applies d sinθ=mλ to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Dispersion

Dispersion applies Δn=|n₁−n₂| to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Displacement From Velocity

Displacement From Velocity applies s = vt to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Distance From Velocity Time

Distance From Velocity Time applies s = vt to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Diverging Lens

Diverging Lens applies 1/f=1/u+1/v to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Doppler Effect

Doppler Effect applies f′=f(v+vo)/(v−vs) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

waves-oscillations
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Doppler Effect Moving Observer

Doppler Effect Moving Observer applies f′=f(v+vo)/(v−vs) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

waves-oscillations
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Doppler Effect Moving Source

Doppler Effect Moving Source applies f′=f(v+vo)/(v−vs) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

waves-oscillations
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Efficiency

Efficiency applies η = Eout/Ein × 100 to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Elastic Collision

Elastic Collision calculates the final velocities for a one-dimensional perfectly elastic collision, where both momentum and kinetic energy …

laws-of-motion
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Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic Potential Energy applies U = ½kx² to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Electric Energy

Electric Energy applies E=Pt to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Electric Field

Electric Field applies E=kq/r² to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Electric Field Dipole

Electric Field Dipole calculates the axial electric field of an ideal short dipole using E=2kp/r³.

electricity
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Electric Field Point Charge

Electric Field Point Charge applies E=kq/r² to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Electric Force

Electric Force applies F=k|q₁q₂|/r² to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Electric Potential

Electric Potential applies V=kq/r to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Electric Potential Energy

Electric Potential Energy applies U=kq₁q₂/r to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Electric Power

Electric Power applies P=VI to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction applies ε=−NΔΦ/Δt to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Energy

Energy applies KE = ½mv²; PE = mgh to energy conservation and the relationship between kinetic and potential energy.

energy
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Energy Bar Chart

Energy Bar Chart applies E_total=KE+PE+E_thermal+E_other to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Energy Loss

Energy Loss applies Energy loss = Ein − Eout to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Energy Stored Capacitor

Energy Stored Capacitor applies U=½CV² to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Energy Time Graph

Energy Time Graph applies E(t)=supplied function of time to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Energy Transformation

Energy Transformation applies E_total=KE+PE+E_thermal+E_other to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Entropy Change

Entropy Change applies ΔS = Q_rev/T (reversible isothermal process) to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Escape Velocity

Escape Velocity applies ve = √(2GM/R) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Fahrenheit To Celsius

Fahrenheit To Celsius applies C = (5/9)(F−32) to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Faradays Law

Faradays Law applies ε=−NΔΦ/Δt to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Final Velocity

Final Velocity applies v = u + at to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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First Law Of Thermodynamics

First Law Of Thermodynamics applies ΔU = Q − W to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Focal Length From Power

Focal Length From Power applies f=1/P to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Force

Force applies F = ma to mechanics and torque.

mechanics
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Force Components

Force Components applies Fx = Fcosθ; Fy = Fsinθ to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Force From Mass Acceleration

Force From Mass Acceleration applies F = ma to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Force Resolution

Force Resolution applies Fx = Fcosθ; Fy = Fsinθ to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Force Time Graph

Force Time Graph applies F(t)=F₀ (or the supplied F(t) expression) to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Free Fall

Free Fall applies v = u + gt; h = ut + ½gt² to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Free Fall Height

Free Fall Height applies h = ut + ½gt² to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Free Fall Time

Free Fall Time applies t = (−u + √(u² + 2gh))/g to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Free Fall Velocity

Free Fall Velocity applies v² = u² + 2gh to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Friction On Inclined Plane

Friction on an Inclined Plane calculates the kinetic-friction magnitude μmg cosθ for a block on an incline with no other normal-force contri…

laws-of-motion
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Gay Lussacs Law

Gay Lussacs Law applies P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Geostationary Satellite

Geostationary Satellite applies h=(GMT²/4π²)^(1/3)−R to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Acceleration

Gravitational Acceleration applies g = GM/r² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Energy

Gravitational Energy applies U = −GMm/r to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Field At Depth

Gravitational Field At Depth applies g_d = g₀(1−d/R) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Field At Height

Gravitational Field At Height applies g(h)=GM/(R+h)² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Field Due To Disk

Gravitational Field Due To Disk applies g(z)=2GM/R² · (1−z/√(z²+R²)) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Field Due To Ring

Gravitational Field Due To Ring applies g(z)=GMz/(z²+R²)^(3/2) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Field Due To Sphere

Gravitational Field Due To Sphere applies Outside: g=GM/r²; inside uniform solid sphere: g=GMr/R³ to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motio…

gravitation
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Gravitational Field Strength

Gravitational Field Strength applies g = GM/r² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Force

Gravitational Force applies F = Gm₁m₂/r² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Potential

Gravitational Potential applies φ = −GM/r to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy applies U = −GMm/r to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Gyroscope

Gyroscope applies L = Iω to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Half Life

Half Life applies t½=ln2/λ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Heat Capacity

Heat Capacity applies C = Q/ΔT to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Heat Engine Efficiency

Heat Engine Efficiency applies η = (Q_h − Q_c)/Q_h to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Heat Pump COP

Heat Pump COP applies COP = Q/W to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer applies Q = mcΔT to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Hydrogen Energy Levels

Hydrogen Energy Levels applies En=−13.6Z²/n² eV to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Ideal Gas Law

Ideal Gas Law applies PV = nRT to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Impedance

Impedance applies Z=√(R²+X²) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Impulse

Impulse applies J = FΔt to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Inductor Energy

Inductor Energy applies U=½LI² to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Inelastic Collision

Inelastic Collision applies m₁v₁+m₂v₂=m₁v₁′+m₂v₂′; v₂′−v₁′=e(v₁−v₂) to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Initial Velocity

Initial Velocity applies u = v − at to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Instantaneous Power

Instantaneous Power applies P = Fv cosθ to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Interference Fringe Separation

Interference Fringe Separation applies β=λD/d to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Internal Energy Change

Internal Energy Change applies ΔU = nCvΔT to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Isothermal Process

Isothermal Process applies P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Joules Law

Joules Law applies P=VI to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Kelvin To Celsius

Kelvin To Celsius applies C = K − 273.15 to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Keplers First Law

Keplers First Law applies r(θ)=a(1−e²)/(1+e cosθ) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Keplers Second Law

Keplers Second Law applies dA/dt = r v_t / 2 to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Keplers Third Law

Keplers Third Law applies T = 2π√(r³/GM) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Energy applies KE = ½mv² to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Kinetic Friction

Kinetic Friction applies f = μN to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Kinetic Theory Mean Free Path

Kinetic Theory Mean Free Path applies λ = kT/(√2πd²P) to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Kinetic Theory Pressure

Kinetic Theory Pressure applies P = ⅓ρvrms² to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Kinetic Theory Rms Velocity

Kinetic Theory Rms Velocity applies vrms = √(3RT/M) to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Kirchhoffs Current Law

Kirchhoffs Current Law applies ΣI=0 to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law applies ΣV=0 to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Latent Heat

Latent Heat applies Q = mL to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Latent Heat Of Fusion

Latent Heat Of Fusion applies Q = mL to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Latent Heat Of Vaporization

Latent Heat Of Vaporization applies Q = mL to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Lens Equation

Lens Equation applies 1/f=1/u+1/v to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Lens Magnification

Lens Magnification applies m=−v/u to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Lens Power

Lens Power applies P=1/f to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Lenzs Law

Lenzs Law applies ε=−ΔΦ/Δt to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Lorentz Factor

Lorentz Factor applies γ=1/√(1−v²/c²) to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Lorentz Force

Lorentz Force applies F=qvBsinθ to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Dipole Moment

Magnetic Dipole Moment applies μ=IA to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Field Circular Loop

Magnetic Field Circular Loop applies B=μ₀I/(2R) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Field Solenoid

Magnetic Field Solenoid applies B = μ₀NI/L to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Field Straight Wire

Magnetic Field Straight Wire applies B=μ₀I/(2πr) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Field Strength

Magnetic Field Strength applies B=μ₀I/(2πr) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux applies Φ=BAcosθ to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Force On Charge

Magnetic Force On Charge applies F=qvBsinθ to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Magnetic Force On Wire

Magnetic Force On Wire applies F=ILBsinθ to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

magnetism
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Mass Defect

Mass Defect applies E=Δmc² to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Mass Energy Equivalence

Mass Energy Equivalence applies E=mc² to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Mass From Force Acceleration

Mass From Force Acceleration applies m = F/a to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Mechanical Energy

Mechanical Energy applies E = KE + PE to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Mirror Equation

Mirror Equation applies 1/f=1/u+1/v to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Mirror Magnification

Mirror Magnification applies m=−v/u to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Molar Heat Capacity

Molar Heat Capacity applies C_m = Q/(nΔT) to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

thermodynamics
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Moment Of Inertia

Moment Of Inertia applies I=mr² to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Moment Of Inertia Disk

Moment Of Inertia Disk applies I=½mr² to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Moment Of Inertia Ring

Moment Of Inertia Ring applies I=mr² to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Moment Of Inertia Rod

Moment Of Inertia Rod applies I=mL²/12 to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Moment Of Inertia Sphere

Moment Of Inertia Sphere applies I=2mr²/5 to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Momentum

Momentum applies p = mv to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Momentum Time Graph

Momentum Time Graph applies p(t)=p₀+∫F(t)dt; for constant F, p=p₀+F₀t to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Motion On Inclined Plane

Motion On Inclined Plane applies a = g(sinθ − μcosθ) to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Motion Under Gravity

Motion Under Gravity applies v = u + gt; h = ut + ½gt² to motion and kinematics.

kinematics
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Mutual Inductance

Mutual Inductance applies M=k√(L₁L₂) (or M=μ₀N₁N₂A/l for ideal coupled solenoids) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic ci…

magnetism
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Net Force

Net Force applies F_net = ΣF to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Newtons Second Law

Newtons Second Law applies F = ma to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Newtons Third Law

Newtons Third Law applies F₂ = −F₁ to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Non Conservative Force

Non Conservative Force applies Energy loss = Ein − Eout to work, energy and power.

work-energy-power
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Normal Force

Normal Force applies N = mgcosθ to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

laws-of-motion
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Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Binding Energy applies Eb=Δmc² to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

modern-physics
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Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law applies V=IR to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Optical Instruments

Optical Instruments applies Magnifier: M=1+D/f; Microscope: M≈(L/f_o)(1+D/f_e); Telescope: M=f_o/f_e to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Optical Path Length

Optical Path Length applies OPL=nL to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Orbital Period

Orbital Period applies T = 2π√(r³/GM) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Orbital Velocity

Orbital Velocity applies v = √(GM/r) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

gravitation
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Parallel Axis Theorem

Parallel Axis Theorem applies I = Icm + md² to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

rotational-mechanics
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Parallel Plate Capacitor

Parallel Plate Capacitor applies C=εA/d to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

electricity
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Path Difference

Path Difference applies Δ=mλ to geometrical and wave optics.

optics
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Pendulum Frequency

Pendulum Frequency applies f=(1/2π)√(g/L) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

waves-oscillations
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Pendulum Period

Pendulum Period applies T=2π√(L/g) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Perfectly Inelastic Collision

Perfectly Inelastic Collision calculates the common final velocity after two bodies stick together, using conservation of linear momentum.

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Perpendicular Axis Theorem

Perpendicular Axis Theorem applies Iz = Ix + Iy to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Photoelectric Effect

Photoelectric Effect applies Kmax=hf−φ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Photon Energy

Photon Energy applies E=hf to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Photon Frequency

Photon Frequency applies f=E/h to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Photon Wavelength

Photon Wavelength applies λ=hc/E to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Planck Law

Planck Law applies Bλ=(2hc²/λ⁵)/(e^(hc/λkT)−1) to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Plane Mirror Image

Plane Mirror Image applies di=do to geometrical and wave optics.

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Polarization Angle

Polarization Angle applies I=I₀cos²θ to geometrical and wave optics.

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Position Time Graph

Position Time Graph applies x(t)=ut+½at² for constant acceleration (or supplied x(t)) to motion and kinematics.

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Potential Energy

Potential Energy applies PE = mgh to work, energy and power.

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Power

Power applies P = W/t to work, energy and power.

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Power From Force Velocity

Power From Force Velocity applies P = Fv cosθ to work, energy and power.

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Power In Circuit

Power In Circuit applies P=VI to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Power Time Graph

Power Time Graph applies P(t)=supplied function of time to work, energy and power.

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Precession

Precession applies Ω = τ/L to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Projectile Angle

Projectile Angle applies R = u²sin(2θ)/g to motion and kinematics.

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Projectile Height

Projectile Height applies R=u²sin(2θ)/g; H=u²sin²θ/(2g); T=2usinθ/g to motion and kinematics.

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Projectile Maximum Height

Projectile Maximum Height applies R=u²sin(2θ)/g; H=u²sin²θ/(2g); T=2usinθ/g to motion and kinematics.

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Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion applies R=u²sin(2θ)/g; H=u²sin²θ/(2g); T=2usinθ/g to motion and kinematics.

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Projectile Range

Projectile Range applies R=u²sin(2θ)/g; H=u²sin²θ/(2g); T=2usinθ/g to motion and kinematics.

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Projectile Time Of Flight

Projectile Time Of Flight applies R=u²sin(2θ)/g; H=u²sin²θ/(2g); T=2usinθ/g to motion and kinematics.

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Pseudo Force

Pseudo Force applies F_pseudo = −ma to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

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Pulley System

Pulley System applies a = g(m₂−m₁)/(m₁+m₂) to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

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Radioactivity

Radioactivity applies A=λN to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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RC Circuit

RC Circuit applies Charge: V=V_s−(V_s−V₀)e^(−t/RC); Discharge: V=V₀e^(−t/RC) to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relations…

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RC Circuit Time Constant

RC Circuit Time Constant applies τ=RC to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Reflection Angle

Reflection Angle applies θr=θi to geometrical and wave optics.

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Refraction Angle

Refraction Angle applies n₁sinθ₁=n₂sinθ₂ to geometrical and wave optics.

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Refractive Index

Refractive Index applies n=c/v to geometrical and wave optics.

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Refrigerator COP

Refrigerator COP applies COP = Q/W to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

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Relative Velocity

Relative Velocity applies v_rel = v₁ − v₂ to motion and kinematics.

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Relative Velocity 2D

Relative Velocity 2D applies |v_rel| = √((v₁x−v₂x)²+(v₁y−v₂y)²) to motion and kinematics.

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Relativistic Energy

Relativistic Energy applies E=γmc² to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Relativistic Momentum

Relativistic Momentum applies p=γm₀v to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Resistance

Resistance applies R=V/I to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Resistivity

Resistivity applies ρ=RA/L to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Resistor

Resistor applies Series: Rtotal = ΣR; Parallel: 1/Rtotal = Σ(1/R) to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Resistors In Parallel

Resistors In Parallel applies 1/R_eq = Σ(1/R_i) to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Resistors In Series

Resistors In Series applies R_eq = ΣR_i to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Resolving Power

Resolving Power applies R=mN to geometrical and wave optics.

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Resonance Frequency

Resonance Frequency applies f=(1/2π)√(k/m) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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RL Circuit

RL Circuit applies Rise: I=(V/R)(1−e^(−tR/L)); Decay: I=I₀e^(−tR/L) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

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RL Circuit Time Constant

RL Circuit Time Constant applies τ=L/R to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

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RLC Circuit

RLC Circuit applies f₀=1/(2π√LC) to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

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Rolling Friction

Rolling Friction applies f = μN to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

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Rolling Motion

Rolling Motion applies v = rω to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rolling Without Slipping

Rolling Without Slipping applies v = rω to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rotational Collision

Rotational Collision applies I₁ω₁ + I₂ω₂ = (I₁+I₂)ωf to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rotational Dynamics

Rotational Dynamics applies α = τ/I to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rotational Kinematics

Rotational Kinematics applies ω = ω₀ + αt; θ = ω₀t + ½αt² to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rotational Kinetic Energy

Rotational Kinetic Energy applies K = ½Iω² to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rotational Power

Rotational Power applies P = τω to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rotational Work

Rotational Work applies W = τθ to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Rydberg Formula

Rydberg Formula applies 1/λ=R|1/nf²−1/ni²| to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Satellite Height

Satellite Height applies r=(GMT²/4π²)^(1/3), h=r−R to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

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Satellite Velocity

Satellite Velocity applies v = √(GM/r) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

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Self Inductance

Self Inductance applies L=μ₀N²A/l to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

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SHM Acceleration

SHM Acceleration applies a=−Aω² cos(ωt+φ) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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SHM Amplitude

SHM Amplitude applies A=x/cosφ to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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SHM Angular Frequency

SHM Angular Frequency applies ω=2πf to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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SHM Displacement

SHM Displacement applies x=A cos(ωt+φ) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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SHM Frequency

SHM Frequency applies f=1/T to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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SHM Period

SHM Period applies T=2π/ω to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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SHM Velocity

SHM Velocity applies v=−Aω sin(ωt+φ) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple Harmonic Motion applies x=A cos(ωt+φ); v=−Aω sin(ωt+φ); a=−Aω² cos(ωt+φ) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Simple Pendulum

Simple Pendulum applies T=2π√(L/g) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Single Slit Diffraction

Single Slit Diffraction applies a sinθ=mλ to geometrical and wave optics.

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Snells Law

Snells Law applies n₁sinθ₁=n₂sinθ₂ to geometrical and wave optics.

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Sound Intensity

Sound Intensity applies I=P/A to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Sound Intensity Level

Sound Intensity Level applies β=10log₁₀(I/I₀) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Special Relativity Length Contraction

Special Relativity Length Contraction applies L=L₀/γ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Special Relativity Mass Increase

Special Relativity Mass Increase applies m_rel = γm₀ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Special Relativity Time Dilation

Special Relativity Time Dilation applies t=γt₀ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Specific Heat Capacity

Specific Heat Capacity applies c = Q/(mΔT) to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

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Speed

Speed applies v = d / t to basic motion quantities.

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Spherical Capacitor

Spherical Capacitor applies C=4πεab/(b−a) to electric charge, electric fields and DC/AC circuit relationships.

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Spherical Mirror Focal Length

Spherical Mirror Focal Length applies f=R/2 to geometrical and wave optics.

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Spring Constant

Spring Constant applies k=F/x to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Spring Mass System

Spring Mass System applies f=(1/2π)√(k/m) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Spring Potential Energy

Spring Potential Energy applies U = ½kx² to work, energy and power.

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Standing Wave

Standing Wave applies f_n = nv/(2L) for fixed-fixed/open-open; f_n = nv/(4L) for odd n in closed-open to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Standing Wave Frequency

Standing Wave Frequency applies f_n = nv/(2L) for fixed-fixed/open-open; f_n = nv/(4L) for odd n in closed-open to oscillations, waves and a…

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Static Friction

Static Friction applies f = μN to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

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Stefan Boltzmann Law

Stefan Boltzmann Law applies P=σAT⁴ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Stopping Potential

Stopping Potential applies eVs=hf−φ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Superposition Principle

Superposition Principle applies y=Σyi to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Temperature Conversion

Temperature Conversion applies Temperature scale conversion to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

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Tension Force

Tension Force applies T = m(g+a) to Newtonian dynamics, force, momentum and collisions.

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Thin Lens Formula

Thin Lens Formula applies 1/f=1/u+1/v to geometrical and wave optics.

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Time From Velocity

Time From Velocity applies t = (v − u)/a to motion and kinematics.

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Torque

Torque applies τ = rFsinθ to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Torque From Force

Torque From Force applies τ = rFsinθ to rotational kinematics and dynamics.

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Total Internal Reflection

Total Internal Reflection applies sinθc=n₂/n₁ to geometrical and wave optics.

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Transformer

Transformer applies V₂/V₁=N₂/N₁ to magnetic fields, magnetic forces and electromagnetic circuits.

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Two Body Problem

Two Body Problem applies F = Gm₁m₂/r² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

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Uncertainty Principle

Uncertainty Principle applies ΔxΔp≥ħ/2 to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Uniform Acceleration

Uniform Acceleration applies s = ut + ½at² to motion and kinematics.

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Uniform Motion

Uniform Motion applies s = vt to motion and kinematics.

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Universal Gravitation

Universal Gravitation applies F = Gm₁m₂/r² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

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Variation Of G With Depth

Variation Of G With Depth applies g_d = g₀(1−d/R) to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

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Variation Of G With Height

Variation Of G With Height applies g_h = g₀(R/(R+h))² to Newtonian gravitation and orbital motion.

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Velocity From Displacement

Velocity From Displacement applies v = s/t to motion and kinematics.

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Velocity Time Graph

Velocity Time Graph applies v(t)=u+at for constant acceleration (or supplied v(t)) to motion and kinematics.

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Wave Equation

Wave Equation applies y=A sin(kx−ωt+φ) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Wave Frequency

Wave Frequency applies f=v/λ to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Wave Interference

Wave Interference applies A=√(A₁²+A₂²+2A₁A₂cosφ) to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Wave Period

Wave Period applies T=1/f to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Wave Speed

Wave Speed applies v=fλ to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Wave Wavelength

Wave Wavelength applies λ=v/f to oscillations, waves and acoustics.

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Wien Displacement Law

Wien Displacement Law applies λmax=b/T to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Work By Constant Force

Work By Constant Force applies W = Fd cosθ to work, energy and power.

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Work By Variable Force

Work By Variable Force applies W = ∫_{x₁}^{x₂}(−kx)dx = ½k(x₁²−x₂²) to work, energy and power.

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Work Done

Work Done applies W = Fd cosθ to work, energy and power.

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Work Done By Gas

Work Done By Gas applies W = PΔV (constant pressure) to thermodynamics, heat transfer and ideal-gas relations.

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Work Energy Theorem

Work Energy Theorem applies W_net = ΔKE to work, energy and power.

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Work Function

Work Function applies φ=hf₀ to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Work On Inclined Plane

Work On Inclined Plane applies W_g = −mgd sinθ for upward motion to work, energy and power.

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Work Power Graph

Work Power Graph applies W(t) or P(t)=supplied function of time to work, energy and power.

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X Ray Wavelength

X Ray Wavelength applies λ=hc/E to quantum, atomic, nuclear and relativistic physics.

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Youngs Double Slit

Youngs Double Slit applies β=λD/d to geometrical and wave optics.

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